
“¿Hablan español?” “¿Hablan inglés o español?” “¿Entienden los dos?” “¡Vaya!” “¡Eso debe ser difícil para ellos!” “¡Deben estar confundidos!” “¿Quién habla qué idioma?” “¿Por qué están hablando en inglés?” “Estamos en Panamá.” Estos son algunos de los comentarios que uno tiene que acostumbrarse a escuchar cuando se trata de criar a un niño bilingüe. Recibo opiniones de la cajera del supermercado, mis vecinos y mi suegra, hasta de perfectos extraños en la calle. Todo el mundo tiene una opinión, pero la verdad es que la mayoría de ellos parece no tener conocimientos sobre la crianza de un niño bilingüe.
Los Mitos
Se confunde al niño si se le cría con más de un idioma. Esta creencia es más común en países donde se habla un solo idioma. No hay evidencia científica que respalde esta aseveración. De hecho, los estudios han demostrado que ser bilingüe tiene muchas ventajas en el plano cognitivo.
Se debe aprender un idioma bien primero y luego comenzar con el segundo. No. El niño ya aprendió un idioma. Aprender un segundo idioma requerirá de esfuerzo, más motivación e interacción. Las investigaciones han demostrado que es más fácil para los niños aprender los idiomas de manera simultánea.
Tu hijo mezclará los idiomas y se confundirá. Cierto, ocurrirán mezclas pero las mismas serán pasajeras e inofensivas. A medida que el niño construye su vocabulario en cada idioma, el fenómeno desaparece.
No te preocupes, lo agarrarán facilito. Incorrecto. Comprar juguetes que hablen el segundo idioma o ver televisión en el otro idioma no es suficiente. “Los niños necesitan estar en contacto con el segundo idioma por lo menos un 30 por ciento de su tiempo de vigilia para hacerse bilingües,” dice Fred Genesee, profesor de psicolingüística de la Universidad de McGill en Montreal. “Menos exposición puede permitirle al niño solamente entender, pero no hablar el segundo idioma.”
A esta edad, es muy tarde para hacerse multilingüe. ¡Tonterías! Un niño puede aprender otro idioma a cualquier edad. Aunque es más fácil cuando son más pequeños y si se quiere hablar la segunda lengua como la lengua materna, es mejor comenzar temprano. En esto concuerdan los expertos.
No es común. El que no lo veamos no significa que no exista. El 75% de la población mundial habla más de un idioma.
Los niños bilingües hablan más tarde. No hay evidencia científica que respalde esta idea. Aún cuando se crea que el niño se va a demorar en comenzar a hablar porque tiene que aprender el doble de las palabras, este es un precio bajo que pagar por la habilidad de hablar más de un idioma.
Los Pros
- Es más fácil aprender a hablar un segundo idioma desde el nacimiento o temprana edad.
- El niño tendrá una ventaja en la escuela. Por ejemplo, inglés es una materia obligatoria en Panamá. Si le enseñas inglés a tu hijo desde el principio, le irá mejor en la escuela.
- Más adelante, tu hijo podrá concentrarse en aprender un tercer idioma, como el mandarín.
- Iniciar temprano te ahorrará dinero en profesores especiales.
- Las oportunidades profesionales aumentan.
- Tu hijo desarrollará la apreciación y tolerancia hacia otras culturas.
Los Contras
- Todo el mundo que tiene una opinión te la hará saber. Mi consejo es que respondas diciendo “qué interesante”, “habrá que tomarlo en cuenta.”
- Es más trabajo para los padres. Este es el punto clave. Criar a un niño bilingüe es un compromiso a largo plazo y requiere de mucho esfuerzo de parte de los padres. No dejes que esto se convierta en algo negativo. Piensa en la recompensa. Tu hijo será bilingüe y hasta trilingüe y ¡qué ventaja les estarás proporcionando!
Cómo hacerlo
Hay muchos métodos para escoger. Solo daré los dos más comunes.
Una persona, un idioma: Esto quiere decir que el padre, la madre, o el cuidador primario le habla consistentemente en solo un idioma al niño. Por ejemplo, la madre le habla en inglés y el padre en español. En este método, el niño aprenderá a usar el idioma particular del padre o la madre cuando hable con cada uno. Este método es el más usado. Es el que yo escogí y el que me ha funcionado.
El idioma de la minoría en casa: En este caso, todos hablan el segundo idioma (inglés) en casa y el primer idioma (español) se usa fuera de casa y en la comunidad.
Cosas que puedes hacer:
- Toma la decisión. Este es el primer paso y el más importante. Discútelo con tu familia y decidan juntos.
- Escoge un método.
- Empieza inmediatamente.
- Infórmate: Entérate de qué debes esperar y cuándo. Familiarízate con las etapas del desarrollo del lenguaje; debes saber identificar si tu hijo tiene dificultades de habla o audición.
- Sumerge a tu hijo en el segundo idioma. Televisión, música, libros, programas de inglés para niños. Recuerda que para ser bilingüe, el niño debe estar expuesto al segundo idioma por lo menos un 30 por ciento de su tiempo en vigilia.
- Únete a un grupo o créalo.
- Ten paciencia y ¡no te des por vencida!
Por: Mgtr. Michelle de Batista, Profesora de Inglés
19 Responses to “La Crianza del Niño Bilingüe: Despejando Mitos”
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